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基于token机制鉴权架构

市面常见的鉴权方式有两种，一种是基于session，另一种是基于token方式的鉴权，我们来浅谈一下两种 鉴权方式的区别。

两种鉴权方式对比

session

  1. 安全性：session是基于cookie进行用户识别的，cookie如果被截获，用户很容易受到跨站请求伪造的攻击。
  2. 扩展性：session是有状态的，是具有IP黏贴性和有中心化特性的，在分布式环境下，虽然每台服务器业务逻辑一样，但是session是保存在各个服务器中的，而且每个服务器内存是不共享的，如果使用session去实现分布式部署的话，需要使用其他的一些技术手段去实现，比如spring session，将session保存在第三方服务中，比如redis，这样一旦第三方服务出现问题，整个验权系统就会奔溃，在电商系统及高并发系统中的集群化处理显然是不合适的。
  3. 抗压能力：通常session是存储在内存中的，每个用户通过认证后都会将session存储在服务器内存中，当用户量增大的情况下服务器的压力也随之增大。

token

  1. 安全性：浏览器会将接收到的token值存储在Local Storage中，（通过js代码写入Local Storage，通过js获取，并不会像cookie一样自动携带）
  2. 扩展性：token是无状态的，是去中心化的，在分布式环境下，各个服务器中的服务只对token进行数据查询，它不需要在服务端保留用户信息或者会话信息，这意味着用户不需要考虑登录的是哪一台服务器，高效的解决了session扩展性的弊端。
  3. 抗压能力：token与session的不同主要在认证成功后，会对当前用户数据进行加密，生成一个加密字符串token，返还给客户端（服务器端并不进行保存）

基于token的鉴权方式

业界常用的授权标准有两种，一种是使用auth2，这种方式更适合于类似第三方授权登录，比如微信、微博、QQ信任登录业务。另一种是oauth，即第三方无需知道用户和密码就可以申请获得该资源的授权，更适用于对用户的权限校验并分配访问权限，比如常见的登录后分配可见资源（按钮、菜单等）类型网站。

Javashop电商系统 采用的是oauth方式的鉴权标准。以下是javashop电商系统对于token鉴权架构的详解。

  1. 登录
    服务端校验密码，成功后返回access_token和refresh_token，客户端记录上述token。
  2. 访问API
    在访问API之前解析access_token，并且查看是否过期，如果不过 期则请求API，如果过期，则要刷新令牌，在请求API。
  3. 刷新token
    携带有效期的refresh_token换回有效token，如果refresh_token过期，则需要用户重新登录。
  4. 注销
    请求注销api，服务器端和客户端应同时删除token的存储。

验权流程

  1. 客户端请求API
    携带access_token信息，如果生成环境不会直接携带access_token，会使用加密后的签名校验。祥见以下防重放机制。
  2. 获取token
    根据环境不同而有不同的获取token方式。
  3. 解析token
    通过JWT工具将token解析。
  4. 由redis读取token
    根据uid拼接key读取access_token, 如果不存在这个用户的token说明已经登出。
  5. 验证token
    判断次token是否属于此uid，判断token是否过期，如果过期则进行以下刷新token的流程。
  6. 注入权限
    如果token验证成功，根据user信息生成权限注入到spring安全上下文中。

刷新token流程

  1. 客户端请求API
    携带refresh_token，如果是生产环境不会直接携带refresh_token信息，详见以下防重放攻击。
  2. 获取token
    根据环境不同而有不同的获取token方式。
  3. 解析token
    通过JWT工具将token解析。
  4. token读取
    根据uid拼接key读取出access_token，如果不存在这个用户的token说明用户已经登出。
  5. 验证token
    判断此token是否属于此uid，判断token是否已经过期，如果过期，则返回refresh_token过期错误，此时用户需要重新登录。
  6. 刷新token
    如果refresh_token 验证成功，则重新生成access_token和refresh_token，上述有效期以当前时间向后计算，替换此用户在redis中的token，并将token返回给客户端。

防重放机制

一、 参数的读取

  1. 在生产环境时，不能直接传递token,而是要传递签名数据，服务器端验签后由Redis中获取签名。
  2. 如果是非生产环境，直接由header中读取token。
    二、 生产环境传递如下参数
    memberid (用户id)
    nonce（随机字串，6位）
    timestamp(当前时间戳，到秒)
    sign= md5( uid+ nonce + timestamp +token )
    三、 验证逻辑
  3. 验证时间戳
    判断时间戳是否起过60s，大于60s则判别为重放功击。
  4. 验证nonce
    首先验证nonce在 reids中是否存在，如果存在，则判别为重放功击，否则将nonce记录在redis中（key为：”nonce”+uid+”_”+nonce），失效时间为60s。
  5. 验证sign
    md5( uid+ nonce + timestamp +token ) 验证是签名是否通过。
  6. 验证token
    通过uid拿到token ，验证逻辑同验权流程。
  • 当然在不同的业务场景下实现方案是多种多样的，仅以此方案抛转引玉，供大家参考。

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